Age-Related Changes of Catalase Immunoreactivity in the Main Olfactory Bulbs of Wistar and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats / 대한해부학회지

The reactive oxygen species (ROS) is well-known for the causative factors inducing ischemia, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer, amylotrophic lateral sclerosis, hypertension and aging. Catalase (CAT) is an important endogenous antioxidant enzyme against ROS because it removes H2O2 during metabolic processes. Hence, we examined the age-related changes of CAT-immunoreactivity in the main olfactory bulbs (MOB) of the Wistar and spontaneous hypertensive rat (SHR) at various aging stages over 2 years periods; postnatal month 6 (PM 6), PM 12, PM 18 and PM 24. CAT immunoreactive (IR) neurons in Wistar rats were located in the glomerular layer (GL), external plexiform layer (EPL), internal plexiform layer (IPL) and granule cell layer (GCL). The number of CAT-IR neurons slightly decreased agedependently and nearly disappeared at PM 24. At PM 6 and PM 12, the CAT-IR neurons located in the EPL were morphologically identified as granule cells. However, at PM 18 and PM 24, CAT-IR neurons located in the EPL and mitral cell layer (MCL) were morphologically identified as tufted and mitral cells, respectively. CAT-IR neurons in the SHR were located in all layers of the MOB. The number of CAT-IR neurons and CAT immunoreactivity decreased agedependently and nearly disappeared especially in the GL and EPL at PM 24. These findings indicate that the decrease of CAT immunoreactivity may be one of the causative factors for increase of oxidative stress, and these damages may underlie age-related changes in the olfactory process. The early decrease of CAT immunoreactivity in the SHR than in the Wistar rat suggests that the early decreae of CAT may be associated with the cause of hypertensive neuronal damage.

Relationship between the Change of PTC and the Response of Endotracheal Intubation after Vecuronium Induction / 대한마취과학회지

The relationship between the post-tetanic count(PTC) and the response of tracheal intubation after vecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade was studied in 99 cases who were ASA 1 or 2 adult patients. All patients were premedicated with glycopyrrolate 0.2mg and hydroxizine 1 mg/kg IM 1 hour before induetion, and were inducted with pentothal sodium Smg/kg and O2- N2O(50%) enflurane(2%). The patients were randomly divided to two groups according to dose of vecuronium applied after inducion ; 0.08 mg/kg(n=54) group and 0.12 mg/kg(n=45) group. Neuromuscular blockade was monitored by stimulation of the ulnar nerve at the wrist with single twitch using INNERVATOR(Fisher and Paykel Co.). Post tetanic count(PTC) was counted at different times, i.e., 0, 10, 20, 25, 30 and 35 seconds, 9 persons respectively at each time, after disappearance of single twitch. Tracheal intubation was performed immediately after counting of PTC. The response of tracheal intubation was appreciated based on vocal cord reflex, coughing or barking and patient movement. The time from administration of vecuronium to disappearance of single twitch was 167.8+/-23.4 seconds in 0.08mg/kg group and 163.7+/-51.1 seconds in 0.12mg/kg group and there was no statistical difference. After complete disappearance of single twitch, the PTC was zero at 35 seconds in 0.08 mg/kg group and at 25 seconds in 0. 12 mg/kg group. While the PTC was lowering, the lower intubation condition score should be expected, but the 0 of PTC did not coin-cided with the 0 of intubation condition score. However, the 0 of PTC did not always indicated that response to tracheal intubation could be disappear completely. Profound neuromuscular blockade did not reduce the hemodynamic responses to tracheal intubation.